The Government of the Russian Federation is implementing comprehensive measures to counter sanctions, stabilize the economy, restore economic security, and achieve technological sovereignty. Draft laws to close lacunas are being considered, and measures taken to support domestic enterprises in the sphere of economic development priority areas. It is impossible to universally finance a wide range of projects, so the author of the article recognizes expediency of considering prioritization according to certain criteria, such as size of the industry, participation in value chains, efficiency, and operability of the industry at the moment. For the microelectronics industry, it is important to consider state of inter-industry balance indicators to generate orders and maintain economic equilibrium, as its manufactured products are consumed in almost all sectors of the economy due to digitalization penetration at different levels. The purpose of the study is to identify trends in global economy, analyze and predict actions of major players, analyze the Russian microelectronics industry, and rationalize suggestions based on the data collected. The suggestions are to create conditions for innovative development institutions interaction with groups of educational institutions in order to realize joint projects to create innovations. The methodological basis for building the model was provided by modern works in the researched area. The article considers main causes and problems preventing industries from getting out of the critical state within the framework of achieving technological sovereignty, analyzes current state of the microelectronics industry in the current geopolitical situation, and proposes external and internal ways to expand the ‘bottlenecks” in the form of measures to stimulate end-to-end technologies creation.

The current stage of industrial production digital transformation consists in developing and integrating artificial intelligence technologies. Strategic importance of Russian industry intellectualization requires synchronous involvement of all industries in this process in order to ensure effective and proportional development of the country’s economy. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to develop proposals for coordinated and balanced strategizing in the field of intellectual development of the country’s industry. The subject of the study is the relationship of digitalization processes and the use of intelligent technologies with strategies implementation for developing all industries and the Digital Economy National Program. The hypothesis of the study is based on the problem of low efficiency of implementing existing strategies of sectoral development and production digitalization processes, the causal result of which is inconsistency and imbalance of their development in time due to the lack of common views, common standards, and common space of information and communication interaction. Research objectives are to study statistical materials and practical developments in the field of industry digitalization; to analyze the current strategies for developing industrial sectors up to 2035; to analyze the processes of industry digitalization on the basis of reports on implementing the Industry 4.0 concept, various digital platforms for production dispatching, predictive analytics, etc.; to develop the concept of intelligent industrial development and the mechanism of integrating all participants in the processes of digital transformation, including the state. The authors propose the CBS concept for the development of the strategy of industry intellectualization and the mechanism of integrating subjects of the strategic process in a single space of information and communication interaction for the purposes of systematic linkage of industry development strategies on the basis of end-to-end technologies and artificial intelligence.

Transformation of international relations caused by geopolitical processes significantly affects the development trends in foreign trade activities, global restructuring of goods movement channels, changes in the conditions of currency and customs regulation, lending, and investment. Ensuring stability, security and prosperity in the Eurasian region meets interests of many states, primarily Russia and China, as well as their closest partners. The implementation of the project on construction and modernization of the Eurasian transport system will not only neutralize risks in the context of international challenges, but will also contribute to the new ecosystem creation with great potential in the new realities. Harmonization and joint coordination of actions in accordance with the integration process progressive implementation to create a regional ecosystem in the international format will contribute to the creation of mutually beneficial partnership, development of sustainable long-term ties for implementing trade, scientific, production, and logistics projects. Conceptual provisions of the integration process to create a regional ecosystem will help to create sustainable conditions for economic development and increase corporate, sectoral and regional policies effectiveness. Building an international architecture of strategic partnership in the format of regional and sectoral interactions is a real and potentially successful approach to increase regional economic cooperation efficiency. The relevance of the study is also confirmed by the provisions of the project on transport and logistics and economic cooperation development until 2030 in priority strategic directions, primarily in financial, industrial-technological and transport, and logistics areas. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive and integrated study of the role and regional cooperation potential and economic processes integration in China and Russia in the new ecosystem of the Greater Eurasian Partnership, as well as development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the states of the region in economic, political and humanitarian spheres. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the justification of the construction and implementation of a joint transport and logistics project on the terms of integration between China and Russia, which will predetermine the creation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership new ecosystem named with long-term mutually beneficial multilateral cooperation at the international level in the economic, political, and humanitarian fields.

Budgetary and tax policy is designed to ensure sustainable development of the Russian economy on the basis of modernization, to improve the living standards of the population by reducing social inequality, and to adapt the budget system to modern realities. The sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States of America against Russia affect not only the production sphere, but also economy as a whole. The decline in oil prices, ruble devaluation, and outflow of foreign capital eventually lead to budget deficit. In these conditions, budgetary and tax policy remains one of the most important instruments of the economic policy pursued by the state. Increasing tax system efficiency becomes a priority. The objectives of the study include establishing budgetary and tax system effectiveness in forming budget revenues of different levels, including administrative centers (capitals of republics, regional centers). The article uses analysis and synthesis, generalization, grouping, dynamics, comparison, tabular method, and data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. It has been established that the existing budget and tax policy does not provide regional and local budgets with necessary financial resources as they are dominated by inter-budget transfers that cover only their deficit and do not ensure economic growth. All this predetermines the need to redistribute tax revenues in favor of regional and local budgets that will weaken the share of inter-budget transfers in these budgets.

The article raises the issues of developing a relevant tool for financial regulation and supervision – stress testing. Regulatory authorities use different types of testing to assess possible problems, as well as to model the response of supervised institutions to changes in system parameters. At present, the issues of ensuring financial stability are quite acute, and the search for effective analytical tools is an important managerial task, the solution of which is the focus of this study. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the advantages and limitations of this tool and to identify areas for its improvement. The evolution of the tool has been analyzed, and microprudential, macroprudential, and crisis stress tests investigated. The work is based on the data of the International Monetary Fund, as well as the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the methods of analyzing regulatory documents and comparative economic analysis have been used. Types of stress tests and main stages of stress testing have been systematized. The authors, considering cross-border nature of financial institutions’ activities, conclude that transformation of supervisory tools is desirable and recommend the inclusion of non-banking financial organizations in stress testing, as well as network interactions between financial institutions as the main areas of improvement.

Average per capita income of the population is one of the important indicators reflecting the standard of living in the country. It becomes relevant to determine reasons for differentiating income per capita and per household and to identify the causes that affect it. The paper considers the income of the population in the autonomous regions of Spain for 2008–2021 both per capita and per household. A comparative analysis of incomes with and without imputed rents has been carried out, that is, the share of rental expenditure in household income and the trend in its change over the last thirteen years have been determined. The results of the study revealed higher living standards in some industrialized regions of the North of the country, such as Navarra and the Basque Country, as well as in regions where large metropolitan areas are located. These are the Autonomous Region of Madrid with a population of 6.7 million people (directly Madrid – about 5 million people) and Catalonia with a population of 7.7 million people with the administrative center in Barcelona (4.5 million people). Slow growth of citizens’ expenditures on rental housing has also been revealed. Due to growing individualization of the population and reduction of the number of people in a family, the number of people in one household is decreasing on average in the country. The analysis of population change in Spain shows that the demographic situation remains positively stable. In general, there is population growth, but depopulation is occurring in the interior regions of the country, such as Extremadura, Castile-La Mancha, Castile and Leon, Aragon. In addition to living standards, other factors such as climate, proximity to the coast, and tourist attractiveness have an impact on migration processes.

The introduction of innovations is one of the main economic goals, since it is the main factor in ensuring the fulfillment of the tasks of import substitution, expanding economic expansion in foreign markets, and increasing the competitiveness of the domestic economy as a whole. Proceeding from this, the task of studying innovative processes in the domestic economic field is an urgent task. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises, since small organizations are able to respond more flexibly to market requirements and have less inertia in solving problems of quickly adjusting production to new rules. The small size of an enterprise determines the need for high efficiency of innovative spending, in contrast to larger and self-sufficient economic formations. Based on this, it is advisable to conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of R&D in the SME sector with data on the economy as a whole in order to determine the priority vector of state support. In the course of the study, using mathematical and statistical methods, analysis, and synthesis. A conclusion has been made about the applicability of the method for determining the effectiveness of innovative processes through the ratio of innovative products output volume to the amount of expenditure on innovation. This calculation method made it possible to establish that SMEs demonstrate the greatest efficiency in a number of areas that are important in terms of ensuring the country’s technological sovereignty and import substitution.

The article studies enterprises of the grain-product subcomplex engaged in the production and sale of grain for both domestic consumption and export. The author studies the cluster approach as a basis for grain export mechanism development, the key element of which is the principle of combining functions of sales, storage, and shipment of products in the transportation and logistics part of the cluster. Achievement of synergetic effect in this case is conditioned by mutually beneficial cooperation of subjects on the investment and innovation basis. The paper summarizes main stages of organizing agricultural exports, each of which presents a list of procedures and composition of the documents used. Based on the conducted research, modern mechanism of export of products (grain) by agricultural enterprises has been presented with the allocation of subjects by stages of the export life cycle depending on the way of its realization (directly, through an intermediary, or as a cluster participant). The example of an export-oriented enterprise in the Saratov region shows clustering effectiveness, which consists in minimizing transaction costs by reducing other implementation costs. The research results can be used when developing programs and proposals to strengthen integration ties between the subjects of agro-industrial complex.

The purpose of the study is to build the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior models. The formation of rational land use in the agrarian sphere indicates influence of institutional factors – motives and interests of land owners that allow to ensure land distribution included in the market turnover between the most efficient users. The structural scheme of the agricultural land market subjects’ behavior motives has been proposed. The motives of sellers in the land market are to optimize income that is achieved by increasing a land plot attractiveness. Buyers are guided by the possession motives, use and disposal of land by acquiring a land plot. Sellers and buyers of land plots are individuals and legal entities. Agricultural organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms, personal subsidiary plots, and citizens (rural population) participate in land sailing. Buyers in the market are owner, land user, landowner, and tenant. The functions of sellers and buyers have been systematized considering the purpose and action of the actors. Destructive and rational models of the agricultural land market actors’ economic behavior have been presented and developed. The application of the destructive model is associated with negative consequences characterized by land withdrawal from economic turnover, change of its intended purpose, and land transfer to another category. The rational model includes finding an optimal alternative under a set of constraints and provides for a high level of human intelligence and knowledge to make right decisions. Factors of this model are coordination of land ownership institutions and creation of a legal framework. It is characterized by strict administrative and legal regulation that contributes to eradication of shadowing in land relations. The area of application of the developed rational model of the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior is scientific organizations, agro-industrial complex management bodies at the regional and municipal levels, and agricultural producers.

The article considers the features of strategic planning in knowledge-intensive subsidiaries of vertically integrated oil and gas companies. Based on the analysis, it has been proposed to improve the approach to strategic planning by incorporating principles and mechanisms of participatory planning. In modern conditions, strategic development of vertically integrated oil and gas companies is closely connected with obtaining high-quality R&D work results that meet the challenges that stand in the way of successful development of the oil and gas complex. Obtaining such results is possible with competent strategic planning of science-intensive subsidiaries activities that produce main scientific results for vertically integrated oil and gas companies. The use of principles of participatory approach to industrial enterprise management at the stages of strategic planning can become one of the options for improving strategic planning quality. The existing approach to strategic planning in science-intensive subsidiaries of vertically integrated oil and gas companies has been considered, its advantages and disadvantages analyzed. It has been recommended to eliminate the identified shortcomings and thus improve the existing approach by adapting interactive strategic planning to peculiarities of vertically integrated oil companies and supplementing it with participatory mechanisms. New principles have been proposed and directions for strategic planning tools development in knowledge-intensive subsidiaries of vertically integrated oil and gas companies defined.

The article considers the process of information security from the position of cost-benefit assessment that allows to understand economic aspects of feasibility study of measures in the field of business information protection. In the practice of Russian business, the issues of information security are focused on compliance with regulatory requirements of the legislation. This leads to the fact that business entities neglect the procedure of comprehensive assessment of measures effectiveness that should consider the costs and benefits of legal, organizational, and technical information protection implementation. At the same time, in order to meet the new conditions of technological development of society, it is necessary to revise the concept of information protection of business entities and to fix in the policy of information security of activities the approaches to risk assessment based on assets value. The study contains a description of the cost/ benefit approach to the constituent components of ensuring information security of business process. To understand the economic aspects of information security, the research focuses on business entities of the market type of economic activity (the enterprise makes profit in its activity). The composition of components of the ensuring information security process has been defined. On the example of risk management costs and benefits of information security have been considered in detail.

In the current economic and political environment, the primary task is to strive for technological independence and self-sufficiency of the economy with maximum reliance on its own resources in development, while not excluding economic expansion by increasing competitiveness of the economy in global market. The key competitive factor is innovativeness of products and services, as well as the degree of the most advanced production technologies implementation, which together have a decisive impact on the economy efficiency in both external and domestic markets. The widespread development of globalization trends, digitalization, modern means of communication, the territorial factor importance are replaced by the factors of technological, scientific, and innovative development. In this regard, it is an urgent task to study these processes and search for factors affecting the qualitative growth of processes and manufactured products efficiency. In the present study, using mathematical and statistical methods, it has been established that the decisive value for the economy efficiency on a national scale is the value of expenditures on research and development and experimental-construction works. This indicator has a direct impact on innovation processes both in the country as a whole and in individual regions. However, one of the significant obstacles in development and sustainability of regional economies is hyperconcentration of scientific expenditures in a few regions that has a negative impact on regional development efficiency.

The human resources market is a derivative of the key market for goods and services, the growth of which ensures economic growth in the country. However, it is efficient human resources that enable rational use of natural potential, ensure capital reproduction and new technologies creation. Changes in the labor market can fundamentally transform socio-economic ecosystem and affect the level of political stability in the country. For example, in the 2010s, imbalance in the United Kingdom human resources market provoked political instability that forced the government to withdraw from the European Union. The purpose of the research is to identify impact of the labor market on political decisions on the example of the United Kingdom, to determine causes of disequilibrium in the human resources market, to highlight stages of the European Union and stages of Great Britain’s exit from it, and to present the results of Brexit at the level of the economy and the labor market. The article relies on historical-logical and comparative methods of research, comparison of macroeconomic indicators dynamics on the basis of a systematic approach. Statistical data of the World Bank and the Office for National Statistics allow us to confirm mutual influence of the labor market and the policy of the country’s government.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that over the past thirty years Russian state cultural policy has been focused on strengthening democratic cultural values, but in recent years the situation has begun to change dramatically. The ruling elite of the country announced the state cultural policy reorientation, which should now be based exclusively on traditional values. The purpose of the study is to identify features of the general cultural and political values system transformation in Russia. The objectives of the article are to identify current general cultural and political values that fall under the category of “traditional”, to establish value orientations that are most significant for Russians at present, and to determine degree of risk of a value split in Russian society. The research was conducted using such methods as classical document analysis, social survey, comparative analysis, systematization, and visualization methods. The results of the study show that the values accepted as traditional and the values identified by respondents as significant coincide in such positions as justice, human rights, freedom, patriotism, morality, collectivism, and mutual aid. No immediate threat of degradation of Russian society’s values has been identified. The risks associated with a possible split in society are moderate. The results of the sociological study allow us to conclude that the political views of one part of the Russian society are polarized, but the level of apolitical attitude of the other part is increasing.

The article studies peasantry’s political activities development in Russia in the first third of the XX century. The reasons and the essence of the Peasant Union in the revolutionary events of 1905–1907 and 1917, the Civil War and in the period of the new economic policy have been revealed. The periods of peasantry’s political activities, conditioned by the state policy transformation in village, have been distinguished. Starting from 1905, the authorities tried to involve peasantry in the political agenda. However, politicization could not be controlled in the conditions of the revolution. Peasantry’s political activities were used by the opposition forces, the SRs and Bolsheviks, who proposed a program understandable to the peasant social psychology. The Third Monarchy suspended the Peasant Union activities. In February 1917, the Union work continued under the control of the SRs. In August 1917, Peasant Congress adopted the SR program documents. Calls to create a union during the Civil War took place against the background of peasants’ disillusionment with the “war communism” policy. In 1921, the idea of creating the Peasant Union was revived. Contradictory nature of Bolshevik policy, the concept of “interlocking” between city and countryside, growing “emergency” and crises of the new economic policy against the background of granting peasants relative economic freedom led to peasant demands growth for protecting their economic rights and creating organizations that resembled trade unions in city. These demands were not institutionalized. The movement reached all strata of village. The surge of demands of the United State Political Department dates from 1927–1928. It is conditioned by the transition to collectivization. It has been concluded that, despite the lack of the Peasant Union concept, diversity of demands, different understanding of association in rural society, movement for its creation testified to increased socio-political activity of the population. When the state policy outlined the rollback of the new economic policy principles, the number of votes in favor of the Union increased. The growth of socio-political tension in villages was evident. The Party began to pursue a policy of social division in villages to prevent radicalization of sentiments.