The article is devoted to problems arising in the implementation of the state policy of forming economic clusters with the aim of improving the effectiveness of regional actors. The authors focus on the irrational behavior of market participants due to cognitive illusions and resulting variances in economic decision-making, leading to forced and unforced errors. The article also analyzes the public and private costs arising from the formation of cluster structures at the initiative of the state. The authors state the causes of occurrence of public costs that lead to negative economic effects, as well as proposed institutional arrangements for their removal or smoothing. It is also mentioned the difference in approaches to formation of cluster structures between the regional and federal authorities. The authors identify and describe the negative effects of clustering that occur at the regional level in the form of business-parasitism and business-symbiosis and lead to distortions in the clustering. These defects and distortions associated with deformation of regional institutional environment must be considered in the development and implementation of public policies for regional development and the formation of clusters. A comprehensive approach to the development of economic space taking into account all its levels is proposed.

The actual problem currently in Russia is the high degree of differentiation level of socio-economic development of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The specified uneven development is a significant problem, requiring prudent and gradual approach. An important point is to determine the optimal size and form of regional borrowing, contributing to the socio-economic development of the region. This article examines the structure of the borrowing regions. Many regions have a significant amount of borrowing in the form of budget loans. Outlines the problem caused by the miscalculations of the regional authorities when conducting its own financial policy, and a more global objective reasons, which are a consequence of the current crisis situation in economy of the Russian Federation and the disparity of economic development. The basis for the paper is drawn from actual official data describing the state of the market of regional and municipal borrowing. Used methods of system analysis, comparison and clustering.The result is proved in the article that on the one hand the issue of securities does not stimulate socio-economic development of the region, on the other hand in the current situation, the desired reduction provide budget loans should pay attention of regions in the possible form of borrowing. With the improvement of the situation on the debt market regions will be stimulated to ensure that the overwhelming proportion of their debt would be the consequence of market borrowings, primarily in the form of securities.The article presents a comparison of different forms of regional borrowing and identified deficiencies inherent in different types of borrowing. It is concluded that a bank loan is the most popular form of market borrowing, as it has in relation to issuance of bonds less amount of disadvantages. According to the authors, for the development of the bonded form of the borrowing of regions should consider the infrastructure of the state support.

Innovations are becoming more widespread in transport, determining the level of quality of passenger service. This thesis predetermined the urgency of the article, as well as the vector of research. In the article the author considers the digitalization of the transport complex through the industry paradigm 4.0, which affects various spheres of business and society. The paper presents the main characteristics of the sphere of freight forwarding services in the digital age. The article highlights the main centers of information development in transport among foreign countries, in the series of which the experience of Germany is highlighted. This state is considered to be the leaders of the European continent both in the sphere of innovations in industrial production and in the sphere of transport. For the Russian Federation, the experience of Germany in the field of introducing intelligent transport technologies is of interest. The author of the research reveals their main directions and principles, gives examples of automation in transport and logistics, reflected in the activities of companies in the real sector of the German economy. The main directions of digitalization are identified: infrastructure, autopilotation, robotization, automation of control systems. Particular attention is paid to the development of intelligent transport systems, the elements of which are autopilot. In the conclusion of the work the author formulated the conclusions that can form the basis for applying the experience of Germany in Russia.

In Russia, the topical issue today is the high volume of obligations of regions against the federal budget. These liabilities have been caused by the current crisis in the Russian economy as well as by the disproportionate economic development, and this issue requires an adequate solution. It is planned that later on the regions will develop market borrowings first of all in form of securities. This article analyzes the infrastructural component of the market of subfederal and municipal borrowings - rating agencies in Russia. The article is based on the actual official data characterizing the current state of the market of regional and municipal borrowings, data from credit rating agencies were used as well. There were used systems analysis method, comparative approach, and clustering method. The article results in the conclusion that ratings of the international agencies are not always unbiased politically, not economically, which negatively affects the development of the debt market as a whole and the market of subfederal and municipal bonds, in particular. The development of the Russian credit rating agencies has a number of advantages and will contribute to the development of the indicated market in the future.

The article analyses modern tendencies of development of the digital economy, given their role in the development of society and, as a consequence, in the transformation of socio-economic relations. The goal is to identify the main directions of training in the digital environment. It is shown that in addition to training professionals in the IT industry is required a high-quality training in the field of management, i.e. in the area of systems-organization of interaction of the ecosystem of people and machines, where routine operations will be done by machines, intelligent control and regulatory function management.

The author considers the problem of forecasting the demand for skills. The author’s model is a mathematical description of the movement of personnel potential of the University and of the employing organization in terms of continuous training of employees. The model describes the relationships between the structures of training, labour market, employers of University graduates. The University is viewed from two perspectives - as a staff software training and as an employer. The model is implemented in the simulation AnyLogic. The results of the scenario study the behavior of the system of reproduction of human capacity in the IT industry. As scenarios were chosen rapid, moderate growth and decline in the development of it industry, the aging workforce of the IT industry, decline in demand for the masters degree and the demand for judges from the it industry, demographic decline and growth.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation and development of information systems and information technology is one of the challenging tasks in managing it projects. However, we also know that it affect the success of the company, but they also require large investments and carry significant risks. Therefore, the decision to select the automation of business processes should be after in-depth analysis with mathematical tools. The purpose of this work is to show the possibility of expanding the mathematical apparatus of analysis of it projects that require significant investment. The article presents examples of results of expert opinion for estimation of expected cash flows, considering the risks when investing in competing projects, based on the methods of mathematical statistics. Describes the conditions of the solution of a multicriteria problem of choice of one it project of the alternatives, based on economic sense of indicators of risk. The rationale for the use of different methods when comparing projects of different durations (chain of repetition, equivalent annuity, etc.). The introduction of new information systems affects the quality indicators of the business, including improving productivity, reducing errors in performing the tasks, and thereby improving financial results. Selected mathematical methods will allow for different stages of decision-making to provide comprehensive and scientifically-based analysis of project performance and objectivity of the decisions made by the IT-manager.