manguuУправлениеUPRAVLENIE / MANAGEMENT (Russia)2309-36332713-1645State University of Management10.26425/2309-3633-2024-12-2-82-90manguu-716Research ArticleВЫЗОВЫ И УГРОЗЫTHREATS AND CHALLENGESРоль трудовых мигрантов из Центральной Азии в социально-экономическом развитии России в условиях новых глобальных вызововRole of labor migrants from Central Asia in the socio-economic development of Russia in the context of new global challengeshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9924-5857РахмоновА. Х.RakhmonovA. Kh.

Абубакр Хасанович Рахмонов, канд. экон. наук, ст. науч. сотр.

119333; Фотиевой ул., 6к1; Москва

Abubakr Kh. Rakhmonov, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Senior Researcher

119333; 6k1, Fotievoi ul.; Moscow

abubak.93@mail.ruИнститут демографических исследований Федерального научно-исследовательского социологического центра Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Demographic Research of the Federal Research Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of ScienceRussian Federation2024210620241228290Copyright © Рахмонов А.Х., 20242024Рахмонов А.Х.Rakhmonov A.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://upravlenie.guu.ru/jour/article/view/716

   В статье рассматриваются история миграции между странами Центральной Азии (далее – ЦА) и Россией, факторы и масштабы эмиграции в Россию на фоне санкций со стороны Европейского союза и Соединенных Штатов Америки, вклад мигрантов в экономическое и демографическое развитие государства. Миграционные процессы из Центральной Азии в Россию имеют давнюю историю, берущую начало еще с советских времен. После распада Советского Союза миграция приобрела невообразимые масштабы и стала одним из важнейших факторов, влияющих на экономическую и политическую жизнь как в Центральной Азии, так и в России. Трудовая миграция началась в конце 1990-х гг. и достигла своего пика в 2014 г. В период нахождения в России мигранты сталкивались с различными кризисами. Они всегда играли значительную роль в социально-экономическом развитии страны. Хотя миграция всегда имела как положительные, так и отрицательные последствия для принимающих стран, с экономической точки зрения она оказывает скорее положительное влияние на экономику. После февраля 2022 г. западные страны ввели новые экономические и политические санкции в отношении России, которые повлияли на положение и ориентацию трудовых мигрантов из стран Центральной Азии. Некоторые мигранты начали искать другие каналы эмиграции, в то время как большинство по-прежнему ориентированы на Россию. По сравнению с предыдущими кризисами в настоящее время на фоне новых санкций роль трудовых мигрантов в экономическом и демографическом развитии России возросла.

   The article studies history of migration among the countries of Central Asia and Russia, the factors and scale of emigration to Russia against the background of sanctions from the European Union and the USA, and migrants’ contribution to the economic and demographic development of the state. Migration processes from Central Asia to Russia have a long history dating back to Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, migration took on unimaginable proportions and became one of the most important factors affecting economic and political life in both Central Asia and Russia. Labor migration began in the late 1990s and peaked in 2014. During their stay in Russia, migrants faced various crises. They have always played a significant role in the socio-economic development of the country. Although migration has always had both positive and negative consequences for the host countries, from an economic point of view it has rather a positive impact on the host countries’ economies. After February 2022 Western countries have imposed new economic and political sanctions against Russia, which have affected the situation and orientation of migrant workers from Central Asian countries. Some migrants have started to look for other emigration channels, while the majority are still focused on Russia. Compared with previous crises, the migrant workers’ role in Russia’s economic and demographic development has increased now against the background of new sanctions.

трудовые мигрантысанкциистраны Центральной АзииРоссиясоциально-демографическое развитиеэкономическое развитиеэмиграцияСССРстраны Западаlabor migrantssanctionsCentral Asian countriesRussiasocio-demographic developmenteconomic developmentemigrationUSSRWestern countriesReferencesЛетняков Д.Э. Роль русского языка в постсоветской Центральной Азии. Журнал политической философии и социологии политики «Полития. Анализ. Хроника. Прогноз». 2015;4(79):100–115.Abashin S. Migration from Central Asia to Russia in the New Model of World Order. Russian Politics and Law. 2014;52:8–23. doi: 10.2753/RUP1061-1940520601Померлян Е.А. Торговые соглашения Евразийского экономического союза: текущий статус и перспективы. Вестник НГУЭУ. 2022;3:154–168. doi: 10.34020/2073-6495-2022-3-154-168Ball B., Demko G. Internal Migration in the Soviet Union. Economic Geography. 1978;2(54):95–114.Мурадова И. Проблемы развития трудовых ресурсов в контексте демографического кризиса. Социология власти. 2011;4:99–106.Belikov E.O. Economic sanctions and their dual impact on Russia’s economy. Innovation and investment. 2023;3:2–31.Дробот Е.В. Особенности внешнеэкономической деятельности Российской Федерации в условиях санкционной политики. Российское предпринимательство. 2016;16(17):1879–1902. doi: 10.18334/rp.17.16.36478Drobot E.V. The peculiarities of international economic activities of the Russian Federation in the conditions of sanctions policy. Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship. 2016;16(17):1879–1902. (In Russian). doi: 10.18334/rp.17.16.36478Филиппова И.А. Роль и влияние санкций на российскую экономику в 2022 году. Основы экономики, управления и права. 2022;4(35):33–35. doi: 10.51608/23058641_2022_4_33Filippova I.A. The role and the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy in 2022. Economy, Governance and Law Basis. 2022;4(35):33–35. (In Russian). doi: 10.51608/23058641_2022_4_33Abashin S. Migration from Central Asia to Russia in the New Model of World Order. Russian Politics and Law. 2014;52:8–23. doi: 10.2753/RUP1061-1940520601Gurieva S. Socio-psychological characteristics of Russian labour migrants from Central Asia. Scientific almanac of the Black Sea countries. 2019;4(20):50–55. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/socio-psychological-characteristics-of-russian-labour-migrants-from-central-asia?ysclid=lxotvc8p1n232675946Ball B., Demko G. Internal Migration in the Soviet Union. Economic Geography. 1978;2(54):95–114.Letnyakov D.E. The role of the Russian language in post-Soviet Central Asia. Politeia Journal. 2015;4(79):100–115. (In Russian).Belikov E.O. Economic sanctions and their dual impact on Russia’s economy. Innovation and investment. 2023;3:2–31.Muradova I. Problems of human recourses development under the demographical crisis. Sociology of Power. 2011;4:99–106. (In Russian).Gurieva S. Socio-psychological characteristics of Russian labour migrants from Central Asia. Scientific almanac of the Black Sea countries. 2019;4(20):50–55. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/socio-psychological-characteristics-of-russian-labour-migrants-from-central-asia?ysclid=lxotvc8p1n232675946Myhre M. Labour migration from Central Asia to Russia – State Management of Migration. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research; 2014. 143 p.Myhre M. Labour migration from Central Asia to Russia – State Management of Migration. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research; 2014. 143 p.Pomerlyan E.A. Trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union: current state and prospects. Vestnik NSUEM. 2022;3:154– 168. (In Russian). doi: 10.34020/2073-6495-2022-3-154-168Rahmonova-Schwarz D. Migrations during the Soviet Period and in the Early Years of USSR’s Dissolution: A Focus on Central Asia. Migrations en Asie centrale et au Caucase. 2010;3(26):9–30.Rahmonova-Schwarz D. Migrations during the Soviet Period and in the Early Years of USSR’s Dissolution: A Focus on Central Asia. Migrations en Asie centrale et au Caucase. 2010;3(26):9–30.Rakhmonov A.Kh. Emigration from Tajikistan to the Baltic States: trends and prospects of development. Upravlenie/Management (Russia). 2021;1(9):16–26. doi: 10.26425/2309-3633-2021-9-1-16-26Rakhmonov A.Kh. Emigration from Tajikistan to the Baltic States: trends and prospects of development. Upravlenie/Management (Russia). 2021;1(9):16–26. doi: 10.26425/2309-3633-2021-9-1-16-26Rakhmonov A.Kh. Forced emigration from Russia 2022: Russian IT-specialists’ potential for Central Asian CIS member countries. Vestnik universiteta. 2023;(7):162–170. doi: 10.26425/1816-4277-2023-7-162-170Rakhmonov A.Kh. Forced emigration from Russia 2022: Russian IT-specialists’ potential for Central Asian CIS member countries. Vestnik universiteta. 2023;(7):162–170. doi: 10.26425/1816-4277-2023-7-162-170Rakhmonov A.Kh. New sanctions of the European Union and United States against Russia and their impact on Tajikistan’s socio-economic development. Upravlenie/Management (Russia). 2022;4(10):121–131. doi: 10.26425/2309-3633-2022-10-4-121-131Rakhmonov A.Kh. New sanctions of the European Union and United States against Russia and their impact on Tajikistan’s socio-economic development. Upravlenie/Management (Russia). 2022;4(10):121–131. doi: 10.26425/2309-3633-2022-10-4-121-131Rakhmonov A.Kh. Reasons for choosing Russia as the main direction of labor migration from Tajikistan in the context of COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions. Upravlenie/Management (Russia). 2023;2(11):114–123. doi: 10.26425/2309-3633-2023-11-2-114-123Rakhmonov A.Kh. Reasons for choosing Russia as the main direction of labor migration from Tajikistan in the context of COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions. Upravlenie/Management (Russia). 2023;2(11):114–123. doi: 10.26425/2309-3633-2023-11-2-114-123Ramet P. Migration and nationality policy in Soviet Central Asia. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. 1978;1(6):79–101.Ramet P. Migration and nationality policy in Soviet Central Asia. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. 1978;1(6):79–101.Ryazantsev S.V., Rakhmonov A.Kh. Emigration from Tajikistan to NAFTA countries: trends and development prospects. Bulletin of TSULBP. Series of Social Sciences. 2023;2(95):51–63. doi: 10.24412/2411-1945-2023-2-51-63Ryazantsev S.V., Rakhmonov A.Kh. Emigration from Tajikistan to NAFTA countries: trends and development prospects. Bulletin of TSULBP. Series of Social Sciences. 2023;2(95):51–63. doi: 10.24412/2411-1945-2023-2-51-63Ryazantsev S., Bogdanov I., Dobrokhleb V., Lukyanets A. Migration from central Asian countries to Russia and Kazakhstan in the context of integration processes in the Eurasian economic union format. Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2017;1(18):39–49.Ryazantsev S., Bogdanov I., Dobrokhleb V., Lukyanets A. Migration from Central Asian countries to Russia and Kazakhstan in the context of integration processes in the Eurasian economic union format. Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2017;1(18):39–49.Timofeev I.N. Sanctions on Russia: A New Chapter. Russia in Global Affairs. 2022;4(20):103–119.Timofeev I.N. Sanctions on Russia: A New Chapter. Russia in Global Affairs. 2022;4(20):103–119.Yazdani E. Foreign Relations in Central Asia: a comparison between the Soviet and PostSoviet Era. Comparative Politics Russia. 2021;4:56–67. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/foreign-relations-in-central-asia-a-comparison-between-the-soviet-and-post-soviet-era?ysclid=lxotzr6xed981282292Yazdani E. Foreign Relations in Central Asia: a comparison between the Soviet and PostSoviet Era. Comparative Politics Russia. 2021;4:56–67. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/foreign-relations-in-central-asia-a-comparison-between-the-soviet-and-post-soviet-era?ysclid=lxotzr6xed981282292

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.